π™Άπš›πš˜πšžπš™ 𝙷: π™ΏπšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ π™»πš’πšŸπš’πš—πš πš πš’πšπš‘ π™½πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ

π™±πš’πš˜πšπš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπš’πšπš’ π™·πšŽπš›πš’πšπšŠπšπšŽ π™»πš’πš‹πš›πšŠπš›πš’ π™Ώπš›πš˜πš“πšŽπšŒπš 𝟸𝟢𝟸𝟹

π™΄πš–πš‹πšŽπš› πš†πšŠπšžπšπš‘, π™Ώπš‘πš’πš•πš’πš™πš™πšŠ π™Ήπš˜πš—πšŽπšœ, πš‚πšœπšž 𝚈𝚞 πšˆπšŽπš‘, πš†πš’πš—πš πšƒπšžπš—πš π™»πšŽπšžπš—πš, πšˆπš’πš‘πšŠπš— πš‰πš‘πšŽπš—πš

Image reference: Erlangen, F, Enke, Floral Impression in Gartenflora Magazine,1852-1940. (New York: Botanical Garden, LuEsther T. Mertz Library), p.658. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6670921#page/658/mode/1up

πš†πšŽ πšŠπš›πšŽ 𝚊 πšπš›πš˜πšžπš™ 𝚘𝚏 πšœπšπšžπšπšŽπš—πšπšœ πšπš›πš˜πš– πšπš‘πšŽ πš„πš—πš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπš’πšπš’ 𝚘𝚏 π™»πšŽπšŽπšπšœ. πš†πšŽ πš‹πšŽπš•πš’πšŽπšŸπšŽ πš’πš— πšœπš‘πšŠπš›πš’πš—πš πš”πš—πš˜πš πš•πšŽπšπšπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš™πš›πš˜πš–πš˜πšπš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš’πšπšŽπšŠ 𝚘𝚏 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš‘πšžπš–πšŠπš—πš’πšπš’ 𝚝𝚘 πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšŠπš— πšŠπš™πš™πš›πšŽπšŒπš’πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚘𝚏 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πš’πš— πš˜πš›πšπšŽπš› 𝚝𝚘 πš‹πšŽπšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πš–πš’πš—πšπšπšžπš• 𝚘𝚏 πš˜πšžπš› πš›πšŽπš•πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœπš‘πš’πš™ 𝚝𝚘 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ.

π™΅πš˜πš•πš•πš˜πš  πš˜πšžπš› π™Έπš—πšœπšπšŠπšπš›πšŠπš– πšπš˜πš› πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ!

π™Έπš—πšπš›πš˜πšπšžπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—:

π™·πšŠπšŸπšŽ 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πšŽπšŸπšŽπš› πšœπšπš˜πš™πš™πšŽπš πšπš˜πš› 𝚊 πšœπšŽπšŒπš˜πš—πš πš πš‘πšŽπš— πš πšŠπš•πš”πš’πš—πš πšπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ 𝚊 πš™πšŠπš›πš”? πšƒπš˜ πšŒπš˜πš—πš—πšŽπšŒπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš˜πšžπš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πš‹πš’πš›πšπšœπš˜πš—πš, πšπš‘πšŽ πšŒπšŠπš•πš– πš‹πš›πšŽπšŽπš£πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš’πš—πš πš˜πš— πš’πš˜πšžπš› πšœπš”πš’πš—, πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš•πš˜πš˜πš–πš’πš—πš πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ 𝚊𝚝 πš’πš˜πšžπš› πšπš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšπš’πš™πšœ. 𝚈𝚘𝚞 πš’πš—πš‘πšŠπš•πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπšŒπšŽπš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πšπš›πšŽπšœπš‘ πšœπš˜πš’πš• πšŠπš—πš πšπšŽπšŽπš• πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπšŠπš›πšπš‘ πšπš›πš˜πšžπš—πšπš’πš—πš 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πš‹πšŽπš—πšŽπšŠπšπš‘ πš’πš˜πšžπš› 𝚏𝚎𝚎𝚝. πš‚πš˜πš–πšŽπšπš’πš–πšŽπšœ 𝚠𝚎 πšŒπšŠπš— πšπš˜πš›πšπšŽπš πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽβ€™πšœ πš™πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ πš’πš— πš˜πšžπš› πš‹πšžπšœπš’ πš•πš’πšŸπšŽπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš‹πšŽπšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πšπš’πšœπšŒπš˜πš—πš—πšŽπšŒπšπšŽπš πšπš›πš˜πš– πš’πš.

π™»πš’πšπšŽ πš’πš— π™»πšŽπšŽπšπšœ, πš πš’πšπš‘ πš’πšπšœ πšŸπš’πš‹πš›πšŠπš—πš πšŒπš’πšπš’ πš•πš’πšπšŽ, πšŒπšŠπš— πšœπš˜πš–πšŽπšπš’πš–πšŽπšœ πš–πšŠπš”πšŽ 𝚞𝚜 πšπš˜πš›πšπšŽπš πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πšπš›πšŠπš—πššπšžπš’πš•πš’πšπš’ 𝚘𝚏 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšπš‘πšŠπš πšœπšžπš›πš›πš˜πšžπš—πšπšœ 𝚞𝚜. 𝚈𝚎𝚝 πš’πš— πšπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πšžπšœπš’ πšŒπš’πšπš’, πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πš’πšœ πšŠπš•πš πšŠπš’πšœ πš πš’πšπš‘ 𝚞𝚜. 𝙰 πšœπš’πš–πš™πš•πšŽ πš πšŠπš•πš” πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšŠπš›πš” πšŒπšŠπš— πš‘πšŽπš•πš™ 𝚞𝚜 πš›πšŽπšπšžπšŒπšŽ πšœπšπš›πšŽπšœπšœ πšŠπš—πš πšŒπšŠπš•πš– πš—πšŽπš›πšŸπšŽπšœ. π™ΏπšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšŠπš•πš πšŠπš’πšœ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŠπšŒπšπšŽπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’πšπšŽπš•πš•πš’πš—πš, πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πšπšžπšŠπš• πš‹πšŽπš•πš’πšŽπšπšœ, πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πš’πš—πš πš™πš›πšŠπšŒπšπš’πšŒπšŽπšœ, πšŠπš—πš πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›πš’πšπšŠπš’ πšŠπšŒπšπš’πšŸπš’πšπš’πšŽπšœ πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πš’πš—πš. π™Έπš πš’πšœ 𝚊 πš›πšŽπš–πš’πš—πšπšŽπš› πšπš‘πšŠπš 𝚠𝚎 πšŠπš›πšŽ πšŠπš•πš• πš™πšŠπš›πš 𝚘𝚏 𝚊 𝚟𝚊𝚜𝚝 πšŠπš—πš πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŒπš˜πš—πš—πšŽπšŒπšπšŽπš πš πšŽπš‹ 𝚘𝚏 πš•πš’πšπšŽ.

πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™±πš’πš˜πšπš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπš’πšπš’ π™·πšŽπš›πš’πšπšŠπšπšŽ π™»πš’πš‹πš›πšŠπš›πš’ πš’πšœ πšŠπš— πš˜πš—πš•πš’πš—πšŽ πšŒπš˜πš•πš•πšŽπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚘𝚏 πš’πš—-πšπšŽπš™πšπš‘ πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŠπš• πš πš˜πš›πš•πš πšπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πš πš›πš’πšπšπšŽπš— 𝚝𝚎𝚑𝚝𝚜 πš πš’πšπš‘ πš’πš•πš•πšžπšœπšπš›πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ. πšƒπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πš’πšπšœ 𝚟𝚊𝚜𝚝 πšŒπš˜πš•πš•πšŽπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚘𝚏 πš›πšŽπšœπš˜πšžπš›πšŒπšŽπšœ, πš’πš πš‘πšŽπš•πš™πšœ 𝚝𝚘 πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŽ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽβ€™πšœ πšŽπš–πš‹πš›πšŠπšŒπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš’πš–πš–πšŽπš›πšœπšŽ πš’πš˜πšžπš›πšœπšŽπš•πš πš’πš— 𝚊 πš—πšŽπš  πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŠπš• πš πš˜πš—πšπšŽπš›πš•πšŠπš—πš. πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™±πš’πš˜πšπš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπš’πšπš’ π™·πšŽπš›πš’πšπšŠπšπšŽ π™»πš’πš‹πš›πšŠπš›πš’ πš™πš›πš˜πšŸπš’πšπšŽπšœ πšŒπš˜πš—πšπšŽπš—πš πšπš‘πšŠπš πš’πšœ πšπš›πšŽπšŽπš•πš’ πšŠπš—πš πš˜πš™πšŽπš—πš•πš’ πšŠπšŸπšŠπš’πš•πšŠπš‹πš•πšŽ πšπš˜πš› 𝚊𝚌𝚌𝚎𝚜𝚜 πšžπš—πšπšŽπš› πšπš‘πšŽ π™²π™²πŸΆ 𝟷.𝟢 πš„πš—πš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπšŠπš• π™Ώπšžπš‹πš•πš’πšŒ π™³πš˜πš–πšŠπš’πš— π™³πšŽπšπš’πšŒπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— πš•πš’πšŒπšŽπš—πšœπšŽ.

π™Όπš’πšπš‘πšœ πšŠπš—πš π™»πšŽπšπšŽπš—πšπšœ:

π™Όπš˜πš—πšœπšπšŽπš›πšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ πšπšŽπšŠπš•

π™ΏπšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πš‹πšŽπšŽπš— πšŽπš‘πš’πšœπšπš’πš—πš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšŠπš—πš πšŠπš—πš’πš–πšŠπš•πšœ πšπš˜πš› πšπš‘πš˜πšžπšœπšŠπš—πšπšœ 𝚘𝚏 πš’πšŽπšŠπš›πšœ. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšŒπš˜πšŽπš‘πš’πšœπšπšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ πš‘πšŠπšœ πš›πšŽπšœπšžπš•πšπšŽπš πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš’πš—πšœπš™πš’πš›πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— πš‹πšŽπš‘πš’πš—πš πš–πšŠπš—πš’ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ 𝚠𝚎 πšπš’πš—πš πš’πš— πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’πšŽπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš–πš’πšπš‘πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’πšŽπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πšπš‘πš’πšœ 𝚍𝚊𝚒. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšœπšŽπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— πš πš’πš•πš• πš•πš˜πš˜πš” 𝚊𝚝 πš‹πš˜πš˜πš”πšœ πšπš›πš˜πš– πšπš‘πšŽ β€œπš–πš˜πš—πšœπšπšŽπš›πšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ πš›πšŽπšŠπš•β€ πšŒπšŠπšπšŠπš•πš˜πšπšžπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš’πš˜πšπš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπš’πšπš’ πš‘πšŽπš›πš’πšπšŠπšπšŽ πš•πš’πš‹πš›πšŠπš›πš’ πšŒπš˜πš•πš•πšŽπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšŒπšŠπšπšŠπš•πš˜πšπšžπšŽ πšŒπš˜πšŸπšŽπš›πšœ 𝚊 πš πš’πšπšŽ πš›πšŠπš—πšπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš˜πš™πš’πšŒπšœ πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 πš–πš’πšπš‘πš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ, πšŽπš‘πšπš’πš—πšŒπš πšŠπš—πš’πš–πšŠπš•πšœ 𝚊𝚜 πš πšŽπš•πš• 𝚊𝚜 πš™πš˜πšŽπš–πšœ πš πš‘πš’πšŒπš‘ πšŠπš›πšŽ πšπš’πš›πšŽπšŒπšπšŽπš πšπš˜πš πšŠπš›πšπšœ πšŠπš—πš’πš–πšŠπš•πšœ πšŠπš—πš πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœπšŒπšŠπš™πšŽπšœ. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšœπšŽπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— πšŠπš’πš–πšœ 𝚝𝚘 πššπšžπšŽπšœπšπš’πš˜πš— πš πš‘πš’ πšŠπš—πš’πš–πšŠπš•πšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ 𝚜𝚘 πš™πš›πšŽπšŸπšŠπš•πšŽπš—πš πš’πš— πš˜πšžπš› πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’πšŽπšœ.


Image reference: Gosse, P. H. The Romance of Natural History. (Boston: Gould and Lincoln, 1864),p. 9. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/76115#page/31/mode/1up 

πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšπš˜πš–πšŠπš—πšŒπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 π™½πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŠπš• π™·πš’πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’:

πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πšπšŠπš”πšŽπšœ πšŠπš— πšžπš—πšžπšœπšžπšŠπš• πšŠπš™πš™πš›πš˜πšŠπšŒπš‘ 𝚝𝚘 πšŠπš—πšŠπš•πš’πšœπš’πš—πš πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ. πšπšŠπšπš‘πšŽπš› πšπš‘πšŠπš— πš‹πšŽπš’πš—πš πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšπš’πšπš’πšŒ, πšπš‘πšŽ πšŠπšžπšπš‘πš˜πš› πš πš›πš’πšπšŽπšœ πš™πš˜πšŽπšπš’πšŒπšŠπš•πš•πš’ 𝚝𝚘 πšœπš‘πšŠπš›πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πš˜πš πš— πšŽπš–πš˜πšπš’πš˜πš—πšŠπš• πš›πšŽπšŠπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚝𝚘 πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πš. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšŠπš™πš™πš›πš˜πšŠπšŒπš‘ πšŠπš•πš•πš˜πš πšœ πšπš˜πš› 𝚊 πšπš’πšπšπšŽπš›πšŽπš—πš πšžπš—πšπšŽπš›πšœπšπšŠπš—πšπš’πš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ 𝚊𝚜 πš’πš πš’πšœ πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πš‹πšŽπš’πš—πš πš’πš–πš–πšŽπš›πšœπšŽπš πšŠπš—πš πšπšŽπšŽπš•πš’πš—πš πš›πšŠπšπš‘πšŽπš› πšπš‘πšŠπš— πšπš›πš’πš’πš—πš 𝚝𝚘 πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšπš’πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš•πš•πš’ πššπšžπšŠπš—πšπš’πšπš’ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšŒπš˜πš—πšπš›πš˜πš• πš’πš. πš†πš‘πšŠπš πš”πš’πš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πš—πšŽπš  πš™πšŽπš›πšœπš™πšŽπšŒπšπš’πšŸπšŽ πš πš˜πšžπš•πš 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πšπš’πš—πš πšπš›πš˜πš– πšπš‘πš’πšœ 𝚠𝚊𝚒 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πš’πš—πš”πš’πš—πš?

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πš‚πšŽπšŠ π™΅πšŠπš‹πš•πšŽπšœ

Image reference: Lee, Henry., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S, Sea Fables Explained (London: William Clowes and Sons, Limited, 1883), p. 5. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41337#page/17/mode/1up

Image reference: Lee, Henry., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S, Sea Fables Explained (London: William Clowes and Sons, Limited, 1883), p. 6. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41337#page/18/mode/1up  

πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πš•πš˜πš˜πš”πšœ πš’πš—πšπš˜ πš–πš’πšπš‘πšœ πšŠπš—πš πš•πšŽπšπšŽπš—πšπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš‘πš˜πš  πšœπš˜πš–πšŽ πšŠπš›πšŽ πš‹πšŠπšœπšŽπš πšžπš™πš˜πš— πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πš™πš›πšŽπšπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ πš˜πšπš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ, πš“πšžπšœπš πš•πš’πš”πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš˜πšŽπš–πšœ πšπš›πš˜πš– πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš›πšŽπšŸπš’πš˜πšžπšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš”. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš’πšœ πšπš˜πš—πšŽ πš‹πš’ πš•πš˜πš˜πš”πš’πš—πš πšŠπš πšπš‘πšŽ πš˜πš›πš’πšπš’πš—πšœ πš˜πšπš–πš’πšπš‘πš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ πšŠπšœ πš‘πš’πšπš›πšŠπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš–πšŽπš›πš–πšŠπš’πšπšœ. 

π™Ύπš—πšŽ πšŽπš‘πšŠπš–πš™πš•πšŽ πš˜πš πšπš‘πš’πšœ πšŒπš˜πš–πšŽπšœ πšπš›πš˜πš– π™±πšŽπš›πš˜πšœπšžπšœ πš˜πš π™±πšŠπš‹πš’πš•πš˜πš—, πšŠ πšπšŽπš’πšπš’ πšŒπšŠπš•πš•πšŽπš π™ΎπšŠπš—πš—πšŽπšœ πšŒπšŠπš–πšŽ πšπš›oπš–π™΄πš›πš’πšπš‘πš›πšŽπšŠπš— πš‚πšŽπšŠ πšπšŽπšŠπšŒπš‘πš’πš—πš πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πšœπšŒπš’πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ, πšŠπš›πš πšŠπš—πš πš›πšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πš— πš‹πšŽπšπš˜πš›πšŽ πš›πšŽπšπšžπš›πš—πš’πš—πš πšπš˜ πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπšŽπšŠπšŽπšŠπšŒπš‘ πš—πš’πšπš‘πš. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšπšŽπšœπšŒπš›πš’πš™πšπš’πš˜πš— πšπš’πšŸπšŽπš— πš˜πš π™ΎπšŠπš—πš—πšŽπšœ πš’πšœ: πšπš‘πšŽπš’ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš˜πšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πš‘πšŽπšŠπš πš˜πš πšŠ πšπš’πšœπš‘, πš‹πšžπšπšŠπš‹πš˜πšŸπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πšπš’πšœπš‘β€™πšœ πš‘πšŽπšŠπš πš’πšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πš‘πšŽπšŠπš πš˜πš πšŠ πš–πšŠπš— πšŠπš—πš πš‹πšŽπš•πš˜πš  πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš’πš• πš˜πš πšπš‘πšŽ πšπš’πšœπš‘ πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πš‘πšžπš–πšŠπš— πšπšŽπšŽπš. 

πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πšŠπš•πšœπš˜ πšœπšžπšπšπšŽπšœπšπšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πš’πšπšŽπšŠ πšπš‘πšŠπš πšŠπšœ πš‘πš’πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’ πšŒπš˜πš—πšπš’πš—πšžπšŽπš πšŠπš—πš πš–πš’πšπš‘πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’πšŽπšœ πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πš•πšŽπšπšπš‹πšŽπš‘πš’πš—πš πš•πšŽπšŠπšŸπš’πš—πš πš˜πš—πš•πš’ πšπšŽπš™πš’πšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ πš˜πš πšπšŽπš’πšπš’πšŽπšœ, πšπš‘πšŽπš’ πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πšœπšŽπšŽπš— πšŠπšœ πš‹πšŽπš’πš—πš πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœπšπš‘πšŠπš πšŽπš‘πš’πšœπšπšŽπš πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πš . πš†πš‘πš’ πšπš˜ πš’𝚘𝚞 πšπš‘πš’πš—πš” πšπšŽπš™πš’πšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ πš˜πš πš–πš’πšπš‘πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πš πš˜πšžπš•πšπš‹πšŽ πš‹πšŠπšœπšŽπš πš˜πš— πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πšπš˜πšžπš—πš πš’πš— πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ?

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Image reference: Lee, H. F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S, The Octopus; or The “Devil-Fish” of Fiction And Of Fact. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1875), p.101. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41532#page/31/mode/1up

πšƒπš‘πšŽ β€œπ™³πšŽπšŸπš’πš•-π™΅πš’πšœπš‘β€ 𝚘𝚏 π™΅πš’πšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— πšŠπš—πš 𝚘𝚏 π™΅πšŠπšŒπš

πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πšŠπš—πšŠπš•πš’πšœπšŽπšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πš—πš˜πšŸπšŽπš•  πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšƒπš˜πš’πš•πšŽπš›πšœ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš‚πšŽπšŠ. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš—πš˜πšŸπšŽπš• πš‹πšŽπš’πš—πš 𝚊 πš•πš˜πšŸπšŽ πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’ πš πš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ 𝚊 πš™πšŽπš›πšœπš˜πš— πš—πšŠπš–πšŽπš π™Άπš’πš•πš•πš’πšŠπšπš, πšŠπšπšπšŽπš–πš™πšπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πš›πšŽπšπš›πš’πšŽπšŸπšŽ πšŠπš— πšŽπš—πšπš’πš—πšŽ πšπš›πš˜πš– 𝚊 πšœπš‘πš’πš™πš πš›πšŽπšŒπš”  πš’πš— πš˜πš›πšπšŽπš› 𝚝𝚘 𝚐𝚎𝚝 πš™πšŽπš›πš–πš’πšœπšœπš’πš˜πš— 𝚝𝚘 πš–πšŠπš›πš›πš’ πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš–πšŠπš— πš‘πšŽ πš•πš˜πšŸπšŽπšœ, πš πš‘πš’πš•πšŽ πšπš›πš’πš’πš—πš 𝚝𝚘 𝚐𝚎𝚝 πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπš—πšπš’πš—πšŽ πš‘πšŽ πš’πšœ πšŠπšπšπšŠπšŒπš”πšŽπš πš‹πš’ πšπš‘πšŽ π™³πšŽπšŸπš’πš•-πšπš’πšœπš‘. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πšŒπš˜πš–πš™πšŠπš›πšŽπšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πš—πš˜πšŸπšŽπš•β€™πšœ πš–πš˜πš—πšœπšπšŽπš› 𝚝𝚘 𝚜𝚎𝚊 πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 πšπš‘πšŽ πš˜πšŒπšπš˜πš™πšžπšœ 𝚝𝚘 𝚜𝚎𝚎 πš‘πš˜πš  πšŠπšŒπšŒπšžπš›πšŠπšπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πš–πš˜πš—πšœπšπšŽπš› πš’πšœ. πš†πš‘πšŠπš πšπš˜πš›πš–πšœ 𝚘𝚏 πš–πšŽπšπš’πšŠ 𝚍𝚘 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πš”πš—πš˜πš  πšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πšπš‘πšŠπš πšπšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ 𝚊 πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ? π™°πš—πš πš‘πš˜πš  πšŠπšŒπšŒπšžπš›πšŠπšπšŽ 𝚝𝚘 πš›πšŽπšŠπš• πš•πš’πšπšŽ πšŠπš—πš’πš–πšŠπš•πšœ πš’πšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ?

Click here to read the Devil – Fish story

Image reference: Lee, H. F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S, The Octopus; or The “Devil-Fish” of Fiction And Of Fact. (London: Chapman and Hall, 1875), p.9. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41532#page/123/mode/1up  


πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™Άπš›πšŽπšŠπš πš‚πšŽπšŠ-πš‚πšŽπš›πš™πšŽπš—πš: π™°πš— πš‘πš’πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšŠπš—πš π™²πš›πš’πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšƒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπš’πšœπšŽ

πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πš›πšŽπšπšŽπš›πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽπšœ πšŽπš‘πšŒπš‘πšŠπš—πšπšŽπšœ πš‹πšŽπšπš πšŽπšŽπš— πšœπšŠπš’πš•πš˜πš›πšœ πš πš‘πš˜ 𝚜𝚊𝚠 πš‚πšŽπšŠ-πšœπšŽπš›πš™πšŽπš—πšπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš£πš˜πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’πšœπšπšœ πšπš’πšœπšŠπšπš›πšŽπšŽπš’πš—πš πš πš’πšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš’πšπš‘πšπš’πš—πšπšœ. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšœπšŠπš’πš•πš˜πš›πšœ πšŠπšπšπšŽπš–πš™πš 𝚝𝚘 πš™πš›πš˜πšŸπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπš‘πš’πšœπšπšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 𝚜𝚎𝚊-πšœπšŽπš›πš™πšŽπš—πšπšœ, πšœπš‘πš˜πš πš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πšπš’πšœπšŠπšπš›πšŽπšŽπš–πšŽπš—πšπšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πšπš›πš˜πš– πš–πš’πšπš‘πšœ πšŠπš—πš πšπšŠπš•πšŽπšœ πš πš‘πšŽπš— πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πš˜πš›πš’πšπš’πš—πšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ πš—πš˜πš πšπšžπš•πš•πš’ πšžπš—πšπšŽπš›πšœπšπš˜πš˜πš πš˜πš› πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπšŠπš›πšŒπš‘πšŽπš.

π™°πšπšπšŽπš› πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπš‘πšŒπš‘πšŠπš—πšπšŽπšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πšπš›πš’πšŽπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πš’πšπšŽπš—πšπš’πšπš’ πš πš‘πšŠπš πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπšŠπš’πš•πš˜πš›πšœ πš–πš’πšπš‘πš πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšŠπšŒπšπšžπšŠπš•πš•πš’ πšœπšŽπšŽπš—, πšŒπš˜πš–πš™πšŠπš›πš’πš—πš πš›πšŽπšŠπš• πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš’πšπš‘πšπš’πš—πšπšœ.  π™³πš˜ 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πšπš‘πš’πš—πš” πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπšŠπš›πšŒπš‘πš’πš—πš πšœπšžπš™πšŽπš›πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŠπš• πšœπš’πšπš‘πšπš’πš—πšπšœ πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 πšπš‘πšŽπšœπšŽ πš πš˜πšžπš•πš πš’πš–πš™πš›πš˜πšŸπšŽ πš˜πšžπš› πš˜πšŸπšŽπš›πšŠπš•πš• πšžπš—πšπšŽπš›πšœπšπšŠπš—πšπš’πš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ?

Click here to read comments of the Sea – Serpent

Image reference: Oudemans, A.C, JZN, The Great Sea-Serpent. An Historical And Critical Treatise. (London: Luau & Co, 1892), p.63. Available at: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/129989#page/83/mode/1up  

Image reference: Oudemans, A.C, JZN, The Great Sea-Serpent. An Historical And Critical Treatise. (London: Luau & Co, 1892), p.7. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/129989#page/27/mode/1up

πš‚πš’πš–πš‹πš˜πš•πš’πšœπš– πš’πš— π™Ώπš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ:

π™΄πšŠπšœπš πš–πšŽπšŽπšπšœ πš†πšŽπšœπš 

π™Ώπš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πš‹πšŽπšŽπš— 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 πšœπš’πš–πš‹πš˜πš•πš’πšŒπšŠπš•πš•πš’ πš’πš— πš–πšŠπš—πš’ πšŒπš˜πš—πšπšŽπš‘πšπšœ. π™Ώπš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšŒπšŠπš— πš›πšŽπš™πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπš—πš πš™πš˜πš πšŽπš›, πš™πšŽπšŠπšŒπšŽ πš˜πš› πšŒπš˜πšžπš›πšŠπšπšŽ. πšƒπš‘πšŽπš’ πšŒπšŠπš— πš‘πšŽπš•πš™ 𝚞𝚜 𝚜𝚊𝚒 πš πš‘πšŠπš 𝚠𝚎 πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽπš—’𝚝 πš›πšŽπšŸπšŽπšŠπš•πšŽπš 𝚝𝚘 𝚊 πšπš›πš’πšŽπš—πš πš˜πš› 𝚊 πš•πš˜πšŸπšŽπš πš˜πš—πšŽ, πšŒπš˜πš–πš–πšžπš—πš’πšŒπšŠπšπšŽ πš˜πšžπš› πš’πš—πšπšŽπš—πšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ πš˜πš› πšŽπšŸπšŽπš— πš‹πšŽπšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πš™πšŠπš›πš 𝚘𝚏 πš˜πšžπš› πšπšŠπš’πšπš‘. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšœπšŽπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš— πš πš’πš•πš• πš›πšŽπšŸπš˜πš•πšŸπšŽ πšŠπš›πš˜πšžπš—πš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πšπšžπšŠπš• πšŠπš—πš πš›πšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πšžπšœ πšœπš’πšπš—πš’πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš—πšŒπšŽ πš πš’πšπš‘πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ π™±πš’πš˜πšπš’πšŸπšŽπš›πšœπš’πšπš’ π™·πšŽπš›πš’πša𝚐𝚎 π™»πš’πš‹πš›πšŠπš›πš’.

πš†πšŽ πš πš’πš•πš• πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πššπšžπšŽπšœπšπš’πš˜πš—; π™·πš˜πš  πšπš’πš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πš‹πšŽπšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πšŠπš— πš’πš–πš™πš˜πš›πšπšŠπš—πš πš™πšŠπš›πš 𝚘𝚏 πš›πšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πš—?


πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™»πš˜πšπšžπšœ π™΅πš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›: πšπšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πš— πšŠπš—πš π™΄πš—πš•πš’πšπš‘πšπšŽπš—πš–πšŽπš—πš

β€œπ™°πšœ 𝚊 πš•πš˜πšπšžπšœ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš› πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš›πš— πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš πšŠπšπšŽπš›, πšπš›πš˜πš πšœ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš πšŠπšπšŽπš› πšŠπš—πš πš›πš’πšœπšŽπšœ 𝚘𝚞𝚝 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš πšŠπšπšŽπš› 𝚝𝚘 πšœπšπšŠπš—πš πšŠπš‹πš˜πšŸπšŽ πš’πš πšžπš—πšœπš˜πš’πš•πšŽπš, 𝚜𝚘 𝙸, πš‹πš˜πš›πš— πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πš, πš›πšŠπš’πšœπšŽπš πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πš πš‘πšŠπšŸπš’πš—πš πš˜πšŸπšŽπš›πšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πš, πš•πš’πšŸπšŽ πšžπš—πšœπš˜πš’πš•πšŽπš πš‹πš’ πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πšβ€. 

Quote reference: Peters, Michael A. The Chinese Dream, Belt and Road Initiative and the future of education: A philosophical postscript. Educational Philosophy and Theory 54:7 (2022), pages 857-862. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00131857.2019.1693243

Image reference: Gillett, John M. 1918-1919. The Lotus Lily of Saint Willams. The Ottawa naturalist. p.72. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1627844

πš†πš’πšπš‘πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” π™Ήπš˜πšžπš›πš—πšŠπš• 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ π™°πš›πš—πš˜πš•πš π™°πš›πš‹πš˜πš›πšŽπšπšžπš– πš’πš πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŽπšœ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πš’πš—πšπš•πšžπšŽπš—πšŒπšŽπš πšπš•πš˜πš‹πšŠπš• πš›πšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πš—. π™Ώπš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ 𝚊 πšπš•πš˜πš‹πšŠπš• πšœπš’πšπš—πš’πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš—πšŒπšŽ; πš˜πš—πšŽ πšŽπš‘πšŠπš–πš™πš•πšŽ πš πš˜πšžπš•πš πš‹πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ π™»πš˜πšπšžπšœ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš› πš’πš— π™±πšžπšπšπš‘πš’πšœπš–. π™·πš˜πš  πš‘πšŠπšœ πšπš‘πš’πšœ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš› πšπšŠπš’πš—πšŽπš πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πšπšžπšŠπš• πšœπš’πšπš—πš’πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš—πšŒπšŽ? πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™»πš˜πšπšžπšœ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš› 𝚠𝚊𝚜 πš›πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›πšŽπš πš‹πšŽπšŒπšŠπšžπšœπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ π™±πšžπšπšπš‘πšŠ πšŠπš™πš™πšŽπšŠπš›πšŽπš πš˜πš— 𝚊 πš•πš˜πšπšžπšœ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš› πšŠπš—πš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš‘πš’πšœ πšπš’πš›πšœπš πšπš˜πš˜πšπšœπšπšŽπš™πšœ, πš‘πšŽ πš•πšŽπšπš πš•πš˜πšπšžπšœ πš‹πš•πš˜πšœπšœπš˜πš–πšœ πš’πš— πš‘πš’πšœ πš™πšŠπšπš‘. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πš•πš˜πšπšžπšœ πšŠπš•πšœπš˜ πš™πš•πšŠπš’πšŽπš πšŠπš— πš’πš–πš™πš˜πš›πšπšŠπš—πš πš›πš˜πš•πšŽ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš–πš’πšœπšœπš’πš˜πš—πšŠπš›πš’ πšŠπšŒπšπš’πšŸπš’πšπš’πšŽπšœ 𝚘𝚏 πš‚πš’πšπšπš‘πšŠπš›πšπš‘πšŠ π™ΆπšŠπšžπšπšŠπš–πšŠ, πšπš‘πšŽ πšπš˜πšžπš—πšπšŽπš› 𝚘𝚏 π™±πšžπšπšπš‘πš’πšœπš–. πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™±πšžπšπšπš‘πšŠ πš›πšŽπšŒπš˜πšπš—πš’πš£πšŽπš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšžπš›πš’πšπš’ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš•πš˜πšπšžπšœ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš› πšŠπš—πš πš’πšπšœ πš‘πšŠπš›πšπš’πš—πšŽπšœπšœ. π™Έπš πš‘πšŠπšœ 𝚊 πšœπšπš›πš˜πš—πš πš›πš˜πš˜πš πš—πšŽπšπš πš˜πš›πš” πšŠπš—πš 𝚘𝚞𝚝 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ πš›πš’πšœπšŽπšœ.

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Image reference: Henry G. Gilbert Nursery and Seed Trade Catalog Collection.  Christmas trees and evergreen decorations for the holiday season. (Pembine, Wisconsin, American Forestry Co. 1926)n.p. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/59078082

πšƒπš‘πšŽ π™²πš‘πš›πš’πšœπšπš–πšŠπšœ πšƒπš›πšŽπšŽ

πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšŠπš›πšπš’πšŒπš•πšŽ πšπš›πš˜πš– πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πšƒπš‘πšŽ πš‚πšŠπšŒπš›πšŽπš πšƒπš›πšŽπšŽ, πš˜πš› πšπš‘πšŽ πšƒπš›πšŽπšŽ πš’πš— πšπšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πš— πšŠπš—πš π™Όπš’πšπš‘ πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŽπšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πš—πš˜πšπš’πš˜πš— πšπš‘πšŠπš πšπš‘πšŽ π™²πš‘πš›πš’πšœπšπš–πšŠπšœ πšπš›πšŽπšŽ πšœπš’πš–πš‹πš˜πš•πš’πš£πšŽπšœ πšŠπš—πšŒπš’πšŽπš—πš πš™πšŠπšπšŠπš— πš‹πšŽπš•πš’πšŽπšπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš–πšŽπšπš’πšŽπšŸπšŠπš• πšπšŠπš—πšπšŠπšœπš’πšŽπšœ. π™·πš˜πš  𝚍𝚘 𝚠𝚎 πšŽπš—πšπšŠπšπšŽ πš πš’πšπš‘ πšπš‘πš’πšœ πšπš›πšŽπšŽ? π™΄πšŸπšŽπš›πš’ πš’πšŽπšŠπš› π™΅πš’πš› πšπš›πšŽπšŽπšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ 𝚌𝚞𝚝 πšπš˜πš πš— πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπš•πšŽπšŒπšπšŽπš πšπš˜πš› πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πšœπšπš›πš˜πš—πš πš‹πš›πšŠπš—πšŒπš‘πšŽπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πš‘πš˜πš•πš π™²πš‘πš›πš’πšœπšπš–πšŠπšœ πšπšŽπšŒπš˜πš›πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ. π™Έπš— π™³πšŽπšŒπšŽπš–πš‹πšŽπš› πš–πš˜πšœπš πš‘πš˜πš–πšŽπšœ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ wπšŽπšœπšπšŽπš›πš— πš πš˜πš›πš•πš πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ 𝚊 π™²πš‘πš›πš’πšœπšπš–πšŠπšœ πšπš›πšŽπšŽ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πš‘πš˜πšžπšœπšŽ, πš—πš˜πš  πšœπš˜πš–πšŽπšπš’πš–πšŽπšœ 𝚊 πšπšŠπš•πšœπšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπšœπšπš’πšŒ πšπš›πšŽπšŽ! π™½πš˜πš  πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ 𝟸𝟷𝚜𝚝 πšŒπšŽπš—πšπšžπš›πš’ πšπš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ πš’πšœ πšπš‘πšŽ πššπšžπšŽπšœπšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚘𝚏 πš πš‘πšŠπš 𝚝𝚘 𝚍𝚘 πš πš’πšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽπšœπšŽ πšπš›πšŽπšŽπšœ πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›πš’ πš’πšŽπšŠπš›. π™ΏπšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšŠπš›πšŽ πš–πš˜πšŸπš’πš—πš πšπš˜πš πšŠπš›πšπšœ πš‹πšŽπš’πš—πš πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πšœπšžπšœπšπšŠπš’πš—πšŠπš‹πš•πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ πšŠπš›πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπšŒπšŽπšœ πš πš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽπšœπšŽ πšπš›πšŽπšŽπšœ πšŒπšŠπš— πš‹πšŽ πš›πšŽπš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšŽπš.

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π™±πš˜πšπšŠπš—πš’πšŒπšŠπš• π™±πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ :

π™Ώπš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ π™ΌπšŽπšπš’πšŒπš’πš—πšŽ

π™Ώπš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšŒπšŠπš— πš‘πšŽπš•πš™ πš‘πšŽπšŠπš• πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšπš›πš˜πš– 𝚊 πšŸπšŠπš›πš’πšŽπšπš’ 𝚘𝚏 πš’πš•πš•πš—πšŽπšœπšœπšŽπšœ πšŠπš—πš πšŒπšŠπš— πš™πš›πš˜πšŸπš’πšπšŽ πšŠπš— πšŠπš•πšπšŽπš›πš—πšŠπšπš’πšŸπšŽ 𝚝𝚘 πš–πš˜πšπšŽπš›πš— πš–πšŽπšπš’πšŒπš’πš—πšŽ. π™΅πš›πš˜πš– πš‹πš›πšŽπšŠπšπš‘πš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš–πš˜πš”πšŽ πšŒπš›πšŽπšŠπšπšŽπš πš‹πš’ πš‹πšžπš›πš—πš’πš—πš 𝚊 πš™πš•πšŠπš—πš 𝚝𝚘 πšŽπšŠπšπš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš•πšŽπšŠπšŸπšŽπšœ 𝚘𝚏 𝚊 πš™πš•πšŠπš—πš. πš†πš’πšπš‘πš’πš— πšŒπšŽπš›πšπšŠπš’πš— πšŒπšžπš•πšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 πšπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘πš˜πšžπš πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπš—πšπš’πš›πšŽ πš•πš’πšπšŽ πš™πš›πš˜πšŒπšŽπšœπšœ – πšπš›πš˜πš– πšŒπš˜πš—πšŒπšŽπš™πšπš’πš˜πš— 𝚝𝚘 πšπšŽπšŠπšπš‘, πšπš˜πš› πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πš’πš—πš πšŠπš—πš πšπš˜πš› πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πšπšžπšŠπš• πš™πšžπš›πš™πš˜πšœπšŽπšœ. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš’πšœ πš™πšŠπš›πšπš’πšŒπšžπš•πšŠπš›πš•πš’ πš˜πš‹πšœπšŽπš›πšŸπšŽπš πš’πš— πš‚πš‘πšŠπš–πšŠπš—πš’πšŒ πšŒπšžπš•πšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πš πš‘πš’πšŒπš‘ 𝚞𝚜𝚎 πšŠπš•πš• πš™πšŠπš›πšπšœ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πš 𝚝𝚘 πš‘πšŽπšŠπš• πšπš‘πšŽ πš–πš’πš—πš, πš‹πš˜πšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πš. π™Έπš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš†πšŽπšœπš πš’πš πš‘πšŠπšœ πš‹πšŽπšŒπš˜πš–πšŽ πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πš™πš˜πš™πšžπš•πšŠπš› πš πš’πšπš‘πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πšπš‘ πšŠπš—πš πš πšŽπš•πš•πš—πšŽπšœπšœ πš’πš—πšπšžπšœπšπš›πš’ 𝚝𝚘 πšŒπšŠπš™πš’πšπšŠπš•πš’πš£πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšœπš˜πš–πšŽπšπš’πš–πšŽπšœ πšŠπš™πš™πš›πš˜πš™πš›πš’πšŠπšπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽπšœπšŽ πšŒπšžπš•πšπšžπš›πšŽπšœ πš’πš— πšŒπšŽπš›πšπšŠπš’πš— πšŒπš˜πš—πšπšŽπš‘πšπšœ, πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 πš›πšžπš—πš—πš’πš—πš π™°πš’πšŠπš‘πšžπšŠπšœπšŒπšŠ πš˜πš› π™²πšŠπšŒπšŠπš˜ πšŒπšŽπš›πšŽπš–πš˜πš—πš’πšŽπšœ. π™Έπš— πšœπš˜πš–πšŽ 𝚠𝚊𝚒𝚜 πšπš‘πšŽ πš†πšŽπšœπš πš’πšœ πšŠπšπšπšŽπš–πš™πšπš’πš—πš 𝚝𝚘 πšŒπš•πšŠπš’πš– πšπš‘πšŽπšœπšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ 𝚊𝚜 πšπš•πš˜πš‹πšŠπš• πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πš’πš—πš πšπš˜πš˜πš•πšœ, πšœπš˜πš–πšŽπšπš’πš–πšŽπšœ πšπš’πšœπš›πšŽπšπšŠπš›πšπš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πš˜πš›πš’πšπš’πš—πšœ.


The π™²πšžπš›πšŠπš—πšπšŽπš›πš˜πšœ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ π™°πš–πšŠπš£πš˜πš—

𝙰 β€˜π™²πšžπš›πšŠπš—πšπšŽπš›πš˜β€™ πš’πšœ 𝚊 πšπš›πšŠπšπš’πšπš’πš˜πš—πšŠπš• πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πšŽπš› πš˜πš› πšœπš‘πšŠπš–πšŠπš— πšžπšœπšžπšŠπš•πš•πš’ πš›πšŽπšœπš’πšπš’πš—πš πš’πš— πš‚πš˜πšžπšπš‘ π™°πš–πšŽπš›πš’πšŒπšŠ. 𝙰 π™²πšžπš›πšŠπš—πšπšŽπš›πš˜ πšπš›πšŠπšπš’πšπš’πš˜πš—πšŠπš•πš•πš’ πš‹πšŽπš•πš’πšŽπšŸπšŽπšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πšπš‘πšŽ πš‹πš˜πšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πš–πš’πš—πš πšŠπš›πšŽ πš—πš˜πš πšœπšŽπš™πšŠπš›πšŠπšπšŽ. 𝙰 πš™πšŽπš›πšœπš˜πš— πšŒπšŠπš— πš‹πšŽ πš’πš•πš• πš™πš‘πš’πšœπš’πšŒπšŠπš•πš•πš’, πš‹πšžπš πšπš‘πš’πšœ πš–πš’πšπš‘πš πš‹πšŽ 𝚍𝚞𝚎 𝚝𝚘 πš™πšœπš’πšŒπš‘πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš• πš˜πš› πš’πš—πšπš›πšŠπš™πšŽπš›πšœπš˜πš—πšŠπš• πš’πšœπšœπšžπšŽπšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽπš—’𝚝 πš‹πšŽπšŽπš— πš›πšŽπšœπš˜πš•πšŸπšŽπš πš πš‘πš’πšŒπš‘ πšπš’πšπšπšŽπš›πšœ πšπš›πš˜πš– πš†πšŽπšœπšπšŽπš›πš— π™ΌπšŽπšπš’πšŒπš’πš—πšŽ. π™Έπš 𝚊 πš™πšŽπš›πšœπš˜πš— πš’πšœ πš’πš•πš•, πšπš‘πšŽπš’ πš–πš’πšπš‘πš πš‹πšŽ πšŒπšŠπš›πš›πš’πš’πš—πš πšœπš˜πš–πšŽ πšœπš˜πš›πš 𝚘𝚏 πšŽπšŸπš’πš• πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πš πš πš’πšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽπš– πšπš‘πšŠπš πš—πšŽπšŽπšπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πš‹πšŽ πš›πšŽπš•πšŽπšŠπšœπšŽπš πš πš’πšπš‘πš’πš— 𝚊 πšŒπšŽπš›πšŽπš–πš˜πš—πš’πšŠπš• πšœπš™πšŠπšŒπšŽ.

Click to explore Curandero’s practice

Image reference: Schultes, Richard Evans, Smith, Elmer W, Hallucinogenic plants. (New York: Golden Press, 1976). p,74. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/310954#page/76/mode/1up


Image reference: Schultes, Richard Evans, Smith, Elmer W, Hallucinogenic plants. (New York: Golden Press, 1976), p.8. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/310954#page/10/mode/1up

πš‚πšπšŠπšπšžπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πš‡πš˜πšŒπš‘πš’πš™πš’πš•πš•πš’

πš‡πš˜πšŒπš‘πš’πš™πš’πš•πš•πš’ 𝚠𝚊𝚜 πšŠπšœπšœπš˜πšŒπš’πšŠπšπšŽπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš™πš•πšŽπšŠπšœπšžπš›πšŽ, πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπš‘πšžπšŠπš•πš’πšπš’. πšƒπš‘πšŽ 𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚝𝚞𝚎 πš’πšœ πšŒπš˜πšŸπšŽπš›πšŽπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš’πš—πšπš›πš’πšŒπšŠπšπšŽ πš’πš–πšŠπšπšŽπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš™πšŠπšπšπšŽπš›πš—πšœ, πš–πšŠπš’πš—πš•πš’ 𝚘𝚏 πš‘πšŠπš•πš•πšžπšŒπš’πš—πš˜πšπšŽπš—πš’πšŒ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ. πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πšœπš‘πš˜πš πšœ πš‘πš˜πš  πš›πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›πšŽπš πšŠπš—πš πšžπšπš’πš•πš’πš£πšŽπš π™·πšŠπš•πš•πšžπšŒπš’πš—πš˜πšπšŽπš—πš’πšŒ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πš’πš— π™°πš£πšπšŽπšŒ πšŒπšžπš•πšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš‘πš’πšπš‘πš•πš’πšπš‘πšπšœ πš‘πš˜πš  πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšπš πš’πš—πšŽπš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ, πš–πšŽπšπš’πšŒπš’πš—πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš πš˜πš›πšœπš‘πš’πš™ πšŠπš›πšŽ.

𝙰 πšœπšžπš–πš–πšŽπš› πšŒπšŽπš•πšŽπš‹πš›πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— πšŒπšŠπš•πš•πšŽπš πšπš‘πšŽ π™΅πšŽπšœπšπš’πšŸπšŠπš• 𝚘𝚏 π™΅πš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚘 πšπšŠπš”πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπšŒπšŽ πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›πš’ πš’πšŽπšŠπš› πš’πš— πš‘πš˜πš—πš˜πš› 𝚘𝚏 πš‡πš˜πšŒπš‘πš’πš™πš’πš•πš•πš’ πšŠπš—πš πš‘πš’πšœ πšπš πš’πš— πšœπš’πšœπšπšŽπš› πš‡πš˜πšŒπš‘πš’πššπšžπšŽπšπš£πšŠπš•. π™³πšŠπš—πšŒπšŽπšœ πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πš™πšŽπš›πšπš˜πš›πš–πšŽπš, πš™πš˜πšŽπšπš›πš’ πš›πšŽπšŒπš’πšπšŽπš, πšŠπš—πš πš–πšžπšœπš’πšŒ πš™πš•πšŠπš’πšŽπš. π™³πšžπš›πš’πš—πš πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ πšπšŽπšœπšπš’πšŸπš’πšπš’πšŽπšœ, πš πš˜πš›πšœπš‘πš’πš™πš™πšŽπš›πšœ πšπš›πšŠπš—πš” π™Ώπšžπš•πššπšžπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšŒπš˜πš—πšœπšžπš–πšŽπš πš–πšžπšœπš‘πš›πš˜πš˜πš–πšœ πš”πš—πš˜πš πš— 𝚊𝚜 πšπšŽπš˜πš—πšŠπš—Γ‘πšŒπšŠπšπš• (β€œπšπš•πšŽπšœπš‘ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšπš˜πšπšœβ€)

Click to see how people use Hallucinogenic plants


π™°πš›πšπš’πšœπšπš’πšŒ π™Έπš—πšπšŽπš›πš™πš›πšŽπšπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ

π™°πš— πšŠπš›πšπš’πšœπšπš’πšŒ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πš™πš›πšŽπšπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— πš‹πš’ π™ΌπšŠπš›πšπšŠπš›πšŽπš πš‚πšŽπšŽπš•πšŽπš› β€˜π™³πš’πšœπšŽπš–πš‹πš˜πšπš’πšŽπš πšŽπš’πšŽπšœβ€™ πš–πšŠπšπšŽπš›πš’πšŠπš•πš’πšœπš’πš—πš πšπš›πš˜πš– πšŽπš—πšπš‘πšŽπš˜πšπšŽπš—πš’πšŒ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ.

Click to see more about the Disembodied eyes

Image reference: E. Wade, D, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University : Sacred Plants of the San Pedro Cult. (Cambridge: Botanical Museum, 1983). p, 289. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7469224#page/404/mode/1up

π™½πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ π™ΆπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—

π™Έπš— πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπšŠπš›πš•πš’ πš‘πš’πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πŸ·πŸ½πšπš‘ πšŒπšŽπš—πšπšžπš›πš’, πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πš’πš—πš 𝚠𝚊𝚜 πš–πšŠπš’πš—πš•πš’ πš™πš›πšŠπšŒπšπš’πšŒπšŠπš•, πšŠπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšžπš›πš™πš˜πšœπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπš’πš—πš πšŒπš›πš˜πš™πšœ 𝚠𝚊𝚜 𝚝𝚘 πš™πš›πš˜πšŸπš’πšπšŽ 𝚏𝚘𝚘𝚍 πšπš˜πš› πšŽπšŠπšπš’πš—πš πšŠπš—πš 𝚝𝚘 πšπš›πšŽπšŠπš πšπš’πšœπšŽπšŠπšœπšŽπšœ. π™·πš˜πš πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›, πšπšžπš›πš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšŽπš›πš’πš˜πš 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπšŠπš›πš•πš’ πŸ·πŸ½πšπš‘ πšŒπšŽπš—πšπšžπš›πš’ 𝚝𝚘 πšπš‘πšŽ πŸ·πŸΏπšπš‘ πšŒπšŽπš—πšπšžπš›πš’, πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšžπš›πš™πš˜πšœπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš— πšŽπšŸπš˜πš•πšŸπšŽπš πš’πš—πšπš˜ 𝚊 πš™πš•πšŠπšŒπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πš˜πš›πš—πšŠπš–πšŽπš—πš. π™Έπš— πšπš‘πšŽ 𝚌𝚊𝚜𝚎 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ β€œπ™ΏπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš›πš›πšŽβ€ πšπš˜πš›πš–, πš’πš πš›πšŽπš™πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπš—πšπšŽπš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš˜πš πšŽπš› πšŠπš—πš πšŒπš˜πš—πšŒπš›πšŽπšπšŽ πšŽπš–πš‹πš˜πšπš’πš–πšŽπš—πš 𝚘𝚏 𝚊 πšŒπšŽπš›πšπšŠπš’πš— πšŒπš’πšŸπš’πš•πš’πšœπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—. π™Έπš— πšπš‘πšŽ 𝚌𝚊𝚜𝚎 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ β€œπ™ΏπšŠπšπšŽπš›πš›πšŽβ€ πšπš˜πš›πš–πšŠπš• πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš— πš’πš 𝚠𝚊𝚜 𝚊 𝚜𝚝𝚊𝚝𝚞𝚜 πšœπš’πš–πš‹πš˜πš• πš’πš— π™΅πš›πšŠπš—πšŒπšŽ πšŠπš—πš π™΄πš—πšπš•πšŠπš—πš πš πš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ 𝚊 πš™πšŽπš›πšœπš˜πš— πšŒπš˜πšžπš•πš πšœπš‘πš˜πš  𝚘𝚏𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πš™πš˜πš πšŽπš› πšŠπš—πš πšŠπšπšπš•πšžπšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ.

Image reference: Arboretum, A, Arnoldia: Colonial Garden Plants. (Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1971), cover page. Available from:  https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53702213#page/201/mode/1up 

Image reference: Arboretum, A, Arnoldia: Colonial Garden Plants. (Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1971), p.153, 155. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53702213#page/211/mode/1up and https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53702213#page/213/mode/1up 


πš†πš‘πš’ 𝚍𝚘 πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš—πšŽπšŽπš πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ?

π™ΆπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πš–πšŠπš—πš’ 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚜. π™΅πš›πš˜πš– πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπš’πš—πš πšπš˜πš› πš™πš›πšŠπšŒπšπš’πšŒπšŠπš• πš™πšžπš›πš™πš˜πšœπšŽπšœ πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 𝚏𝚘𝚘𝚍 πšπš˜πš› πš•πš’πšπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πš’πš—πš πš‘πšŽπš›πš‹πšœ πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπš›πšŸπš’πš—πš 𝚊𝚜 𝚊 πšœπš™πšŠπšŒπšŽ πšπš˜πš› πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš™πš’πš›πš’πšπšžπšŠπš• πš›πšŽπš•πšŽπšŠπšœπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšœπšπš›πšŽπšœπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πšœπš’πš–πš™πš•πš’ πšŠπš™πš™πš›πšŽπšŒπš’πšŠπšπš’πš—πš πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’, 𝚠𝚎 πšŒπšŠπš— 𝚜𝚎𝚎 πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš›πšŽπšπšŽπš›πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽπšœ πšŠπš—πš 𝚝𝚊𝚜𝚝𝚎𝚜 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš— πš˜πš πš—πšŽπš› πšŸπš’πšŠ πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—. π™ΆπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ πšŠπš— πš’πš—πšŒπš›πšŽπšπš’πš‹πš•πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπšŒπšŽ πšπš‘πšŠπš πšŒπš˜πš—πš—πšŽπšŒπšπšœ πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ. π™Όπš˜πš›πšŽπš˜πšŸπšŽπš›, πšœπš˜πš–πšŽπšπš’πš–πšŽπšœ 𝚠𝚎 πšŒπšŠπš— 𝚜𝚎𝚎 πšπš‘πšŽ πšŽπš‘πš˜πšπš’πšŒ πšπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽ πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—. π™΅πš˜πš› πšŽπš‘πšŠπš–πš™πš•πšŽ, πšπšžπš•πš’πš™πšœ πšŠπš›πšŽ πš™πš˜πš™πšžπš•πšŠπš› πš’πš— π™³πšžπšπšŒπš‘ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ πš‹πšžπš πšŠπš›πšŽ πš˜πš›πš’πšπš’πš—πšŠπš•πš•πš’ πšπš›πš˜πš– πšƒπšžπš›πš”πšŽπš’.


π™°πš›πš—πš˜πš•πšπš’πšŠ

π™°πš›πš—πš˜πš•πšπš’πšŠ πš’πšœ 𝚊 πš“πš˜πšžπš›πš—πšŠπš• πšŒπš˜πšŸπšŽπš›πš’πš—πš 𝚊 πš πš’πšπšŽ πš›πšŠπš—πšπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš˜πš™πš’πšŒπšœ πš’πš—πšŒπš•πšžπšπš’πš—πš πš‹πš˜πšπšŠπš—πš’πšŒπšŠπš• πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πš’πš—πš, πš™πš•πšŠπš—πš πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— πšŠπš—πš πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœπšŒπšŠπš™πšŽ πš‘πš’πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšŽπš‘πš‘πš’πš‹πš’πšπš’πš˜πš— πšœπšŽπš•πšŽπšŒπšπšœ πš˜πš—πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš“πš˜πšžπš›πš—πšŠπš•’𝚜 πšŠπš›πšπš’πšŒπš•πšŽπšœ – π™²πš˜πš•πš˜πš—πš’πšŠπš• π™ΆπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ, 𝚝𝚘 πšžπš—πšπšŽπš›πšœπšπšŠπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πš’πš—πš πšπšŽπšœπš’πšπš— πšŠπš—πš πšŽπšŸπš˜πš•πšžπšπš’πš˜πš— πšπšžπš›πš’πš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πšŒπš˜πš•πš˜πš—πš’πšŠπš• πš™πšŽπš›πš’πš˜πš πšπš›πš˜πš– πšπš‘πšŽ πŸ·πŸ½πšπš‘ 𝚝𝚘 πŸ·πŸΏπšπš‘ πšŒπšŽπš—πšπšžπš›πš’πšŽπšœ.

π™Έπš πšŠπš•πšœπš˜ πš–πšŽπš—πšπš’πš˜πš—πšŽπš πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ 𝚘𝚏 πšŽπšŠπš›πš•πš’ π™Ώπš•πš’πš–πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ πšŠπš—πš πšπšžπš›πšŠπš• π™½πšŽπš  π™΄πš—πšπš•πšŠπš—πš; πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš— 𝚠𝚊𝚜 πš–πšŠπš’πš—πš•πš’ 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 πšπš˜πš› πšπšžπš—πšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—. π™Έπš— πšŠπšπšπš’πšπš’πš˜πš—, πš’πš πšπšŠπš•πš”πšŽπš πšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš’πš£πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—, πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšπš‘πšŠπš πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πšπš›πš˜πš πš— πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—, πšŠπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšžπš›πš™πš˜πšœπšŽπšœ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšŠπš›πšπš’πšŒπš•πšŽ πš›πšŠπš’πšœπšŽπšœ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŽπšœπšπš’πš—πš πšπš˜πš™πš’πšŒπšœ, πšœπšžπšŒπš‘ 𝚊𝚜 β€œπ™·πš˜πš  𝚝𝚘 π™²πš›πšŽπšŠπšπšŽ πš˜πš› πšπšŽπšœπšπš˜πš›πšŽ 𝚊 π™²πš˜πš•πš˜πš—πš’πšŠπš• π™ΆπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—β€ πšŠπš—πš β€œπš‚πš‘πš˜πšžπš•πš πšƒπš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ π™±πšŽ 𝚊 π™ΆπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—?”.

πš‚πš’πš—πšŒπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš— πš’πšœ 𝚊 πš™πš•πšŠπšŒπšŽ πš πš‘πšŽπš›πšŽ πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŠπšŒπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ, πš’πš πš’πšœ 𝚊 πšœπš™πšŽπšŒπš’πšŠπš• πš™πš•πšŠπšŒπšŽ πšπš‘πšŠπš πš•πš’πš—πš”πšœ πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšπš˜πšπšŽπšπš‘πšŽπš›. πš†πš‘πšŠπš πš’πšœ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŽπšœπšπš’πš—πš πš’πšœ πš‘πš˜πš  πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ πš πšŽπš›πšŽ πšπš›πšŠπš—πšœπš™πš˜πš›πšπšŽπš πšπš›πš˜πš– πš˜πš—πšŽ πšŒπšžπš•πšπšžπš›πšŽ 𝚝𝚘 πšŠπš—πš˜πšπš‘πšŽπš›, πšπš˜πš› πšŽπš‘πšŠπš–πš™πš•πšŽ, πšπš‘πšŽ 𝚁𝚘𝚜𝚎. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πš›πš˜πšœπšŽ, πš πš‘πš’πšŒπš‘ πš’πšœ πš˜πš›πš’πšπš’πš—πšŠπš•πš•πš’ πšπš›πš˜πš– π™²πš‘πš’πš—πšŠ, πš’πšœ πš˜πš—πšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ most πš™πš˜πš™πšžπš•πšŠπš› πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš πš˜πš›πš•πš, πš‹πšŽπšŒπšŠπšžπšœπšŽ πš’πš πš›πšŽπš™πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπš—πšπšœ πš•πš˜πšŸπšŽ. π™·πš˜πš πšŽπšŸπšŽπš›, πš’πš πšŠπš•πšœπš˜ πšπšŽπš—πš˜πšπšŽπšœ πšœπš’πš•πšŽπš—πš πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπšŒπš›πšŽπšŒπš’. π™°πšŒπšŒπš˜πš›πšπš’πš—πš 𝚝𝚘 πšŠπš—πšŒπš’πšŽπš—πš π™Άπš›πšŽπšŽπš” πšŠπš—πš πšπš˜πš–πšŠπš— πš–πš’πšπš‘πš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’, πšπš‘πšŽ πš›πš˜πšœπšŽ πšœπš’πš–πš‹πš˜πš•πš’πš£πšŽπšœ πšœπš’πš•πšŽπš—πšŒπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπšŒπš›πšŽπšŒπš’, πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πšœπš’πš•πšŽπš—πš 𝚐𝚘𝚍- π™·πšŠπš›πš™πš˜πšŒπš›πšŠπšπšŽ.

Click to see more about colonial gardens and plants

Image reference: Arboretum, A, Arnoldia: Colonial Garden Plants. (Massachusetts: Harvard University, 1971), p. 177, 189, 185. Available from: 

https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53702213#page/235/mode/1up,https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53702213#page/247/mode/1up and https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53702213#page/252/mode/1up 


π™΅πš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ πš’πš— π™»πš’πšπšŽπš›πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ

πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšπš•πš˜πš›πšŠπš• πš”πš’πš—πšπšπš˜πš–: πš’πšπšœ πš‘πš’πšœπšπš˜πš›πš’, πšœπšŽπš—πšπš’πš–πšŽπš—πš πšŠπš—πš πš™πš˜πšŽπšπš›πš’: π™° πšπš’πšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—πšŠπš›πš’ πš˜πš πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πšπš‘πšŠπš— πšπš‘πš›πšŽπšŽ πš‘πšžπš—πšπš›πšŽπšπš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ, πš πš’πšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽ πšπšŽπš—πšŽπš›πšŠ πšŠπš—πš πšπšŠπš–πš’πš•πš’πšŽπšœ πšπš˜ πš πš‘πš’πšŒπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽπš’ πš‹πšŽπš•πš˜πš—πš, πšŠπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš•πšŠπš—πšπšžπšŠπšπšŽ πš˜πš πšŽπšŠπšŒπš‘ πš’πš•πš•πšžπšœπšπš›πšŠπšπšŽπšπš πš’πšπš‘ πšŠπš™πš™πš›πš˜πš™πš›πš’πšŠπšπšŽ πšπšŽπš–πšœ πšπš˜ πš™πš˜πšŽπšπš›πš’.

πšƒπš‘πš’πšœ πš‹πš˜πš˜πš” πš’πš—πšŒπš•πšžπšπšŽπšœ πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πšπš‘πšŠπš— πšπš‘πš›πšŽπšŽ πš‘πšžπš—πšπš›πšŽπš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πš πš’πš—πšπš›πš˜πšπšžπšŒπšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ. πšƒπš‘πšŽ πšŒπš˜πš—πšπšŽπš—πšπšœ πš’πšœ πšœπšŽπš™πšŠπš›πšŠπšπšŽπš πš’πš—πšπš˜πšπš πš˜ πš™πšŠπš›πšπšœ. π™ΏπšŠπš›πš π™Έ πš’πšœ πšπšŽπšœπšŒπš›πš’πš™πšπš’πšŸπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšŽπšŸπš˜πš•πšŸπšŽπšœ πšŠπš›πš˜πšžπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš•πšŠπš—πšπšžπšŠπšπšŽ, πšŠπš—πš πš™πš˜πšŽπšπš›πš’ πš˜πš πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ; πš™πšŠπš›πš π™Έπ™Έ πš’πšœπšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πšπš‘πšŽ πšŒπšžπš•πšπš’πšŸπšŠπšπš’πš˜πš— πšŠπš—πš πšŠπš—πšŠπš•πš’πšœπš’πšœ πš˜πš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ.

Click to read more poems

Image reference: Turner, H.C, Floral Kingdom: Its History, Sentiment and Poetry. (Chicago: Moses Warren, 1877), cover page. Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/116464#page/1/mode/1up


π™΅πš•πš˜πš›πšŠ’𝚜 πšπšŠπš—πšŒπš’ 𝚏𝚎𝚝𝚎: 𝙰 πš™πš˜πšŽπš– πš’πš•πš•πšžπšœπšπš›πšŠπšπš’πšŸπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšπš‘πšŽ πš•πšŠπš—πšπšžπšŠπšπšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπš—πšπš’πš–πšŽπš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πšπš•πš˜πš πšŽπš›πšœ

πšƒπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽ πšŠπš›πšŒπš‘πš’πšŸπšŽ, πš’πš πš’πšœ πšŽπšŸπš’πšπšŽπš—πš πšπš‘πšŠπš πš™πš˜πšŽπšπšœ πšžπšœπšŽπš πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπšœ πšŠ πš–πšŽπšπšŠπš™πš‘πš˜πš› πšπš˜ πšπšŽπšœπšŒπš›πš’πš‹πšŽ πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš—πšŠπš›πšπš’πšŒπšžπš•πšŠπšπšŽπš πšπšŽπšŽπš•πš’πš—πšπšœ πš˜πš πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ. πšƒπš‘πšŽπšœπšŽ πš™πš˜πšŽπš–πšœ πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πšŽ πš‘πš˜πš  πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšπš›πšŠπš—πšœπšπšŽπš› πšπš‘πšŽπš’πš› πšŽπš–πš˜πšπš’πš˜πš—πšœ πš˜πš—πšπš˜πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ. π™΄πšœπš™πšŽπšŒπš’πšŠπš•πš•πš’, πšπš‘πšŽ πšŠπšžπšπš‘πš˜πš› πš™πš˜πš’πš—πšπšœ πš˜πšžπš πšŽπšŠπšŒπš‘ πšπš•πš˜πš›πšŠ πš πš’πšπš‘ πšŠ πšπš’πšπšπšŽπš›πšŽπš—πš πšŽπš–πš‹πš•πšŽπš– πšŠπš—πš πšœπšŽπš—πšπš’πš–πšŽπš—πš πšπš˜πš›πšŽπš™πš›πšŽπšœπšŽπš—πš πšπš‘πšŽ πšŒπš˜πš–πš™πš•πšŽπš‘ πšŒπšžπš•πšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πš’πš—πšπšŽπšœπšŒπš›πš’πš‹πšŠπš‹πš•πšŽ πšπšŽπšŽπš•πš’πš—πš πš˜πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πšŽπš›πšœπš˜πš— πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš˜πšŽπš–. πšƒπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πšπš‘πšŽπšŸπš’πšŸπš’πš πšπšŽπš‘𝚝, πš’πš πšœπšŽπšŽπš–πšœ πš πšŽ πšŒπšŠπš— πšπšŽπšŽπš• πšπš‘πšŽ πšŒπš˜πš•πš˜πšžπš›, πšœπšŽπš—πšπš’πš–πšŽπš—πš, πšŠπš—πš πšœπš–πšŽπš•πš• πš˜πš πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ.

Image reference: Perkins, E.S. Flora’s Fancy Fete: A Poem of Flowers Flora and Pomona’s Fete. (Brighton: W.H. Mason, 1839). Available from: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/281508#page/28/mode/1up

π™²πš˜πš—πšŒπš•πšžπšœπš’πš˜πš—

πšƒπš‘πš›πš˜πšžπšπš‘ πšŽπš‘πš™πš•πš˜πš›πš’πš—πš πšπš‘πš’πšœ πšŽπš‘πš‘πš’πš‹πš’πšπš’πš˜πš—, 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšœπšŽπšŽπš— πš–πšŠπš—πš’ πšŽπš‘πšŠπš–πš™πš•πšŽπšœ 𝚘𝚏 πš‘πš˜πš  πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŠπšŒπšπšŽπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšŠπš—πš πšŒπš˜πšŽπš‘πš’πšœπšπšŽπš πšŠπš•πš˜πš—πšπšœπš’πšπšŽ πš’πš πš‹πšžπš πšŠπš•πšœπš˜ πš‘πš˜πš  πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšπš˜πš›πšπš˜πšπšπšŽπš— πšŠπš‹πš˜πšžπš πš’πšπšœ πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ πšŠπš—πš πš•πš’πšπšŽπšπš’πšŸπš’πš—πš πš™πš›πš˜πš™πšŽπš›πšπš’πšŽπšœ πš’πš— πšπš‘πšŽ 𝟸𝟷𝚜𝚝 πšŒπšŽπš—πšπšžπš›πš’. π™΅πš›πš˜πš– πš™πšŽπš˜πš™πš•πšŽ πšžπšπš’πš•πš’πš£πš’πš—πš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πš πš’πšπš‘πš’πš— πš›πšŽπš•πš’πšπš’πš˜πšžπšœ πšŒπš˜πš—πšπšŽπš‘πšπšœ 𝚝𝚘 πšžπšœπš’πš—πš πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšπš˜πš› πš‘πšŽπšŠπš•πš’πš—πš. π™°πš•πšœπš˜, πš‘πš˜πš  πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πš‹πšŽπšŽπš— 𝚞𝚜𝚎𝚍 πš’πš— πšπšŠπš›πšπšŽπš—πšœ πšπš˜πš› πš‹πšŽπšŠπšžπšπš’ πš‹πšžπš πšŠπš•πšœπš˜ πš‘πš˜πš  πš™πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœ πšŠπš—πš πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πš‘πšŠπšŸπšŽ πšπš‘πšŽ πš™πš˜πšπšŽπš—πšπš’πšŠπš• 𝚝𝚘 𝚜𝚊𝚟𝚎 πš˜πšžπš› πšŽπšŒπš˜πš•πš˜πšπš’πšŒπšŠπš• πš•πšŠπš—πšπšœπšŒπšŠπš™πšŽ. π™½πš˜πš  πš’πš 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πš πšŽπš—πš 𝚝𝚘 𝚊 πš™πšŠπš›πš”, πš‘πš˜πš  πš πš˜πšžπš•πš 𝚒𝚘𝚞 πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŠπšŒπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŽ πšπš’πšπšπšŽπš›πšŽπš—πšπš•πš’? πšπšŽπš•πšŠπš‘, πšπšŠπš”πšŽ 𝚊 πš‹πš›πšŽπšŠπšπš‘ πšŠπš—πš πšœπšπšŽπš™ πš’πš—πšπš˜ 𝚊 πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŠπš• πš πš˜πš—πšπšŽπš›πš•πšŠπš—πš 𝚘𝚏 πš’πš—πšπš’πš—πš’πšπšŽ πš™πš˜πšœπšœπš’πš‹πš’πš•πš’πšπšŽπšœ. π™½πš˜πšπš’πšŒπšŽ πš’πš˜πšžπš›πšœπšŽπš•πš πš‹πšŽπšŒπš˜πš–πš’πš—πš πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ πš’πš—πšπšŽπš›πšŒπš˜πš—πš—πšŽπšŒπšπšŽπš πš πš’πšπš‘ πš’πš˜πšžπš› πš—πšŠπšπšžπš›πšŠπš• πšœπšžπš›πš›πš˜πšžπš—πšπš’πš—πšπšœ.

π™²πš‘πšŽπšŒπš” 𝚘𝚞𝚝 πš˜πšžπš› π™Έπš—πšœπšπšŠπšπš›πšŠπš– πšπš˜πš› πš–πš˜πš›πšŽ